For the different scenarios, we show that the simulations are in good agreement with experimental results. Finally, we vary the wetting conditions of the porous medium to represent different wettability states. We simulate oil-water flows and verify that the measured values of irreducible water and residual oil saturations are realistic. Furthermore, we show that the developed model correctly captures the underlying physical phenomena of fluid displacements. Moreover, the model suppresses a non-physical behavior of previous schemes, in which trapped fluid volumes significantly change with time. We show that the proposed model is able to simulate realistic viscosity ratios, and it allows independent tuning of surface tension from viscosity. We apply recent developments from the literature and develop new pressure boundary conditions. In this paper, we investigate primary drainage and imbibition in a heterogeneous porous medium using an improved numerical model based on the multicomponent pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann method. For example, during petroleum extraction from porous rock reservoirs, water is used to displace oil. Immiscible fluid displacement in porous media occurs in several natural and industrial processes. Some limitations of the previous research are highlighted at the end of the paper, and suggestions are made for future research. When these problems are solved, disintegration studies of red soil will be advanced. Soil disintegration characteristics have not been extensively analysed from the micro perspective (including pore structure and distribution, fracture development degree and particle arrangements). The study indicated that the research on the disintegration mechanism of red soil is still in the macro stage, involving the different moisture contents, temperatures and other directly influential conditions. ![]() The present paper reviews the research progress that has been made regarding the disintegration characteristics and testing methods of the intergranular suction of red soil, including (1) influencing factors of disintegration and the mechanism of action, (2) advantages and disadvantages of each intergranular suction testing method and (3) the intrinsic relationship between disintegration and intergranular suction. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review on the red soil disintegration mechanism and intergranular suction with reference to red soil. These soils are typically formed by the weathering of carbonate or other rocks rich in iron and aluminium oxides in hot-humid climates and susceptible to a large reduction in disintegration upon wetting or other conditions. Red soil is widely distributed in South America, Africa and Southeast Asia (approximately between the 30° S and 30° N latitudes).
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